Adopt Alembic: autogenerated baseline, stamp-or-upgrade startup

The baseline (c3da001a0eb3) was autogenerated against an empty Postgres
and schema-diffed against the live dev schema until column-identical
(two model fixes fell out: deferred_to_next_cycle now declares its
server_default, usersettings.data is JSONB on Postgres to match the
live type). Startup replaces init_db/run_migrations with
run_alembic_upgrade(): pre-Alembic databases that already match the
baseline are adopted via stamp; fresh databases build from the
migration. The section is serialized with a pg advisory lock because
prod uvicorn runs 2 workers, each executing the lifespan. Verified:
adoption + idempotent re-run on the dev DB, fresh 13-table build on an
empty DB, full container boot, 55/55 tests. (ARCH-02, BE-19)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitignore

@@ -14,3 +14,4 @@ tech_docs/
 
 # Claude Code local state
 .claude/
+.venv/

CLAUDE.md

@@ -17,6 +17,27 @@ The backend refuses to boot without `SECRET_KEY`, `ADMIN_USERNAME`, and
 `ADMIN_PASSWORD` (no insecure defaults). Copy `.env.example` to `.env` and fill
 it in; the dev docker-compose reads it.
 
+## Database Migrations
+
+Schema changes go through Alembic — never edit the schema by hand and never
+reset the prod DB. Workflow:
+
+```bash
+cd backend
+# 1. Edit app/models/models.py
+# 2. Autogenerate against the dev DB, then REVIEW the generated file
+DATABASE_URL='postgresql://wealthy_user:wealthy_pass@localhost:5433/wealthysmart' \
+  .venv/bin/alembic revision --autogenerate -m "describe the change"
+# 3. Migrations apply automatically at app startup (run_alembic_upgrade)
+```
+
+## Tests
+
+```bash
+cd backend && .venv/bin/python -m pytest tests/ -q   # backend (55+ tests)
+cd frontend && pnpm typecheck                        # frontend
+```
+
 ## Local Docker
 
 ```bash

backend/alembic.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# A generic, single database configuration.
+
+[alembic]
+# path to migration scripts.
+# this is typically a path given in POSIX (e.g. forward slashes)
+# format, relative to the token %(here)s which refers to the location of this
+# ini file
+script_location = %(here)s/alembic
+
+# template used to generate migration file names; The default value is %%(rev)s_%%(slug)s
+# Uncomment the line below if you want the files to be prepended with date and time
+# see https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/tutorial.html#editing-the-ini-file
+# for all available tokens
+# file_template = %%(year)d_%%(month).2d_%%(day).2d_%%(hour).2d%%(minute).2d-%%(rev)s_%%(slug)s
+# Or organize into date-based subdirectories (requires recursive_version_locations = true)
+# file_template = %%(year)d/%%(month).2d/%%(day).2d_%%(hour).2d%%(minute).2d_%%(second).2d_%%(rev)s_%%(slug)s
+
+# sys.path path, will be prepended to sys.path if present.
+# defaults to the current working directory.  for multiple paths, the path separator
+# is defined by "path_separator" below.
+prepend_sys_path = .
+
+
+# timezone to use when rendering the date within the migration file
+# as well as the filename.
+# If specified, requires the tzdata library which can be installed by adding
+# `alembic[tz]` to the pip requirements.
+# string value is passed to ZoneInfo()
+# leave blank for localtime
+# timezone =
+
+# max length of characters to apply to the "slug" field
+# truncate_slug_length = 40
+
+# set to 'true' to run the environment during
+# the 'revision' command, regardless of autogenerate
+# revision_environment = false
+
+# set to 'true' to allow .pyc and .pyo files without
+# a source .py file to be detected as revisions in the
+# versions/ directory
+# sourceless = false
+
+# version location specification; This defaults
+# to <script_location>/versions.  When using multiple version
+# directories, initial revisions must be specified with --version-path.
+# The path separator used here should be the separator specified by "path_separator"
+# below.
+# version_locations = %(here)s/bar:%(here)s/bat:%(here)s/alembic/versions
+
+# path_separator; This indicates what character is used to split lists of file
+# paths, including version_locations and prepend_sys_path within configparser
+# files such as alembic.ini.
+# The default rendered in new alembic.ini files is "os", which uses os.pathsep
+# to provide os-dependent path splitting.
+#
+# Note that in order to support legacy alembic.ini files, this default does NOT
+# take place if path_separator is not present in alembic.ini.  If this
+# option is omitted entirely, fallback logic is as follows:
+#
+# 1. Parsing of the version_locations option falls back to using the legacy
+#    "version_path_separator" key, which if absent then falls back to the legacy
+#    behavior of splitting on spaces and/or commas.
+# 2. Parsing of the prepend_sys_path option falls back to the legacy
+#    behavior of splitting on spaces, commas, or colons.
+#
+# Valid values for path_separator are:
+#
+# path_separator = :
+# path_separator = ;
+# path_separator = space
+# path_separator = newline
+#
+# Use os.pathsep. Default configuration used for new projects.
+path_separator = os
+
+# set to 'true' to search source files recursively
+# in each "version_locations" directory
+# new in Alembic version 1.10
+# recursive_version_locations = false
+
+# the output encoding used when revision files
+# are written from script.py.mako
+# output_encoding = utf-8
+
+# database URL.  This is consumed by the user-maintained env.py script only.
+# other means of configuring database URLs may be customized within the env.py
+# file.
+sqlalchemy.url = driver://user:pass@localhost/dbname
+
+
+[post_write_hooks]
+# post_write_hooks defines scripts or Python functions that are run
+# on newly generated revision scripts.  See the documentation for further
+# detail and examples
+
+# format using "black" - use the console_scripts runner, against the "black" entrypoint
+# hooks = black
+# black.type = console_scripts
+# black.entrypoint = black
+# black.options = -l 79 REVISION_SCRIPT_FILENAME
+
+# lint with attempts to fix using "ruff" - use the module runner, against the "ruff" module
+# hooks = ruff
+# ruff.type = module
+# ruff.module = ruff
+# ruff.options = check --fix REVISION_SCRIPT_FILENAME
+
+# Alternatively, use the exec runner to execute a binary found on your PATH
+# hooks = ruff
+# ruff.type = exec
+# ruff.executable = ruff
+# ruff.options = check --fix REVISION_SCRIPT_FILENAME
+
+# Logging configuration.  This is also consumed by the user-maintained
+# env.py script only.
+[loggers]
+keys = root,sqlalchemy,alembic
+
+[handlers]
+keys = console
+
+[formatters]
+keys = generic
+
+[logger_root]
+level = WARNING
+handlers = console
+qualname =
+
+[logger_sqlalchemy]
+level = WARNING
+handlers =
+qualname = sqlalchemy.engine
+
+[logger_alembic]
+level = INFO
+handlers =
+qualname = alembic
+
+[handler_console]
+class = StreamHandler
+args = (sys.stderr,)
+level = NOTSET
+formatter = generic
+
+[formatter_generic]
+format = %(levelname)-5.5s [%(name)s] %(message)s
+datefmt = %H:%M:%S

backend/alembic/README

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Generic single-database configuration.

backend/alembic/env.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from logging.config import fileConfig
+
+from alembic import context
+from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config, pool
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel
+
+from app.config import settings
+import app.models.models  # noqa: F401 — register all tables on the metadata
+
+config = context.config
+
+if config.config_file_name is not None:
+    fileConfig(config.config_file_name)
+
+# Single source of truth for the DB URL: the app settings.
+config.set_main_option("sqlalchemy.url", settings.DATABASE_URL)
+
+target_metadata = SQLModel.metadata
+
+
+def run_migrations_offline() -> None:
+    context.configure(
+        url=config.get_main_option("sqlalchemy.url"),
+        target_metadata=target_metadata,
+        literal_binds=True,
+        dialect_opts={"paramstyle": "named"},
+    )
+    with context.begin_transaction():
+        context.run_migrations()
+
+
+def run_migrations_online() -> None:
+    connectable = engine_from_config(
+        config.get_section(config.config_ini_section, {}),
+        prefix="sqlalchemy.",
+        poolclass=pool.NullPool,
+    )
+    with connectable.connect() as connection:
+        context.configure(
+            connection=connection, target_metadata=target_metadata
+        )
+        with context.begin_transaction():
+            context.run_migrations()
+
+
+if context.is_offline_mode():
+    run_migrations_offline()
+else:
+    run_migrations_online()

backend/alembic/script.py.mako

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""${message}
+
+Revision ID: ${up_revision}
+Revises: ${down_revision | comma,n}
+Create Date: ${create_date}
+
+"""
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+import sqlmodel
+${imports if imports else ""}
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision: str = ${repr(up_revision)}
+down_revision: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = ${repr(down_revision)}
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = ${repr(branch_labels)}
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = ${repr(depends_on)}
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Upgrade schema."""
+    ${upgrades if upgrades else "pass"}
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Downgrade schema."""
+    ${downgrades if downgrades else "pass"}

backend/alembic/versions/c3da001a0eb3_baseline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+"""baseline
+
+Revision ID: c3da001a0eb3
+Revises: 
+Create Date: 2026-06-09 20:00:18.301439
+
+"""
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+import sqlmodel
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision: str = 'c3da001a0eb3'
+down_revision: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Upgrade schema."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    op.create_table('account',
+    sa.Column('bank', sa.Enum('BAC', 'BCR', 'DAVIVIENDA', 'FCL', 'ROP', 'VOL', 'MEMP', 'MPAT', 'MORTGAGE', name='bank'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('currency', sa.Enum('CRC', 'USD', 'EUR', 'BTC', 'XMR', name='currency'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('label', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('balance', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('account_type', sa.Enum('BANK', 'PENSION', 'CRYPTO', 'SAVINGS', 'LIABILITY', name='accounttype'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('next_payment', sa.Float(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_table('apitoken',
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('name', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('token_hash', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('expires_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('is_active', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_apitoken_token_hash'), 'apitoken', ['token_hash'], unique=False)
+    op.create_table('balanceoverride',
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('year', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('month', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('override_balance', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('year', 'month')
+    )
+    op.create_table('category',
+    sa.Column('name', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('icon', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('auto_match_patterns', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_category_name'), 'category', ['name'], unique=True)
+    op.create_table('exchangerate',
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('date', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('buy_rate', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('sell_rate', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('fetched_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_table('municipalreceipt',
+    sa.Column('receipt_date', sa.Date(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('due_date', sa.Date(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('period', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('account', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('finca', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('holder_name', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('holder_cedula', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('holder_address', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('subtotal', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('interests', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('iva', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('total', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('raw_charges', sa.JSON(), server_default='[]', nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('source_filename', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('account', 'period')
+    )
+    op.create_table('pensionsnapshot',
+    sa.Column('fund', sa.Enum('BAC', 'BCR', 'DAVIVIENDA', 'FCL', 'ROP', 'VOL', 'MEMP', 'MPAT', 'MORTGAGE', name='bank'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('contract_number', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('period_start', sa.Date(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('period_end', sa.Date(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('saldo_anterior', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('aportes', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('rendimientos', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('retiros', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('traslados', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('comision', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('correccion', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('bonificacion', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('saldo_final', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('source_filename', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('fund', 'period_start', 'period_end')
+    )
+    op.create_table('pushsubscription',
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('endpoint', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('p256dh', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('auth', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('endpoint')
+    )
+    op.create_table('savingsaccrual',
+    sa.Column('year', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('month', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('memp_amount', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('mpat_amount', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('trigger_transaction_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('notes', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('applied_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('year', 'month')
+    )
+    op.create_table('usersettings',
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('key', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('data', sa.JSON().with_variant(postgresql.JSONB(astext_type=sa.Text()), 'postgresql'), server_default='{}', nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_usersettings_key'), 'usersettings', ['key'], unique=True)
+    op.create_table('recurringitem',
+    sa.Column('name', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('amount', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('currency', sa.Enum('CRC', 'USD', 'EUR', 'BTC', 'XMR', name='currency'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('item_type', sa.Enum('INCOME', 'EXPENSE', 'SAVINGS', name='recurringitemtype'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('frequency', sa.Enum('WEEKLY', 'MONTHLY', 'QUARTERLY', 'BIANNUAL', 'YEARLY', name='recurringfrequency'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('day_of_month', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('month_of_year', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('override_amounts', sa.JSON(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('category_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('is_active', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('notes', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['category_id'], ['category.id'], ),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_table('transaction',
+    sa.Column('amount', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('currency', sa.Enum('CRC', 'USD', 'EUR', 'BTC', 'XMR', name='currency'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('merchant', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('city', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('date', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('card_type', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('card_last4', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('authorization_code', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('reference', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('transaction_type', sa.Enum('COMPRA', 'DEVOLUCION', 'DEPOSITO', 'SALARY', name='transactiontype'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('source', sa.Enum('CREDIT_CARD', 'CASH', 'TRANSFER', name='transactionsource'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('bank', sa.Enum('BAC', 'BCR', 'DAVIVIENDA', 'FCL', 'ROP', 'VOL', 'MEMP', 'MPAT', 'MORTGAGE', name='bank'), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('notes', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('category_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('deferred_to_next_cycle', sa.Boolean(), server_default='false', nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['category_id'], ['category.id'], ),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    )
+    op.create_index(op.f('ix_transaction_reference'), 'transaction', ['reference'], unique=False)
+    op.create_table('watermeterreading',
+    sa.Column('meter_id', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('period', sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('reading_previous', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('reading_current', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('consumption_m3', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('agua_potable', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('serv_ambientales', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('alcant_sanitario', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('iva', sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('is_historical', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('receipt_id', sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['receipt_id'], ['municipalreceipt.id'], ),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id'),
+    sa.UniqueConstraint('meter_id', 'period', 'is_historical')
+    )
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Downgrade schema."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    op.drop_table('watermeterreading')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_transaction_reference'), table_name='transaction')
+    op.drop_table('transaction')
+    op.drop_table('recurringitem')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_usersettings_key'), table_name='usersettings')
+    op.drop_table('usersettings')
+    op.drop_table('savingsaccrual')
+    op.drop_table('pushsubscription')
+    op.drop_table('pensionsnapshot')
+    op.drop_table('municipalreceipt')
+    op.drop_table('exchangerate')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_category_name'), table_name='category')
+    op.drop_table('category')
+    op.drop_table('balanceoverride')
+    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_apitoken_token_hash'), table_name='apitoken')
+    op.drop_table('apitoken')
+    op.drop_table('account')
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###

backend/app/db.py

@@ -1,79 +1,48 @@
-from sqlalchemy import text
-from sqlmodel import SQLModel, Session, create_engine
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from alembic import command
+from alembic.config import Config
+from sqlalchemy import inspect, text
+from sqlmodel import Session, create_engine
 
 from app.config import settings
 
 engine = create_engine(settings.DATABASE_URL)
 
-
-def init_db():
-    SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine)
+_MIGRATION_LOCK_KEY = 727274  # app-wide advisory lock id, arbitrary constant
 
 
-def run_migrations():
-    """Run idempotent schema migrations for columns added after initial create."""
+def _alembic_config() -> Config:
+    backend_dir = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+    cfg = Config(str(backend_dir / "alembic.ini"))
+    cfg.set_main_option("script_location", str(backend_dir / "alembic"))
+    return cfg
+
+
+def run_alembic_upgrade() -> None:
+    """Bring the schema to head at startup.
+
+    Databases that predate Alembic (prod, existing dev volumes) already match
+    the baseline revision — the baseline was autogenerated from, and
+    schema-diffed against, exactly that schema — so they are adopted by
+    stamping instead of re-running DDL. Serialized with a Postgres advisory
+    lock because prod uvicorn runs 2 workers, each executing the lifespan.
+    """
+    cfg = _alembic_config()
+    is_postgres = engine.dialect.name == "postgresql"
     with engine.connect() as conn:
+        if is_postgres:
+            conn.execute(text(f"SELECT pg_advisory_lock({_MIGRATION_LOCK_KEY})"))
         try:
-            conn.execute(
-                text(
-                    "ALTER TABLE transaction ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS deferred_to_next_cycle BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT false"
+            insp = inspect(conn)
+            if not insp.has_table("alembic_version") and insp.has_table("transaction"):
+                command.stamp(cfg, "head")
+            command.upgrade(cfg, "head")
+        finally:
+            if is_postgres:
+                conn.execute(
+                    text(f"SELECT pg_advisory_unlock({_MIGRATION_LOCK_KEY})")
                 )
-            )
-            conn.commit()
-        except Exception:
-            conn.rollback()
-
-        try:
-            conn.execute(text("ALTER TYPE currency ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'EUR'"))
-            conn.commit()
-        except Exception:
-            conn.rollback()
-
-        try:
-            conn.execute(
-                text("ALTER TYPE transactiontype ADD VALUE IF NOT EXISTS 'SALARY'")
-            )
-            conn.commit()
-        except Exception:
-            conn.rollback()
-
-        try:
-            conn.execute(
-                text(
-                    """
-                    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS savingsaccrual (
-                        id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
-                        year INTEGER NOT NULL,
-                        month INTEGER NOT NULL,
-                        memp_amount DOUBLE PRECISION NOT NULL DEFAULT 200000,
-                        mpat_amount DOUBLE PRECISION NOT NULL DEFAULT 200000,
-                        trigger_transaction_id INTEGER,
-                        applied_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
-                        notes TEXT,
-                        CONSTRAINT savingsaccrual_year_month_key UNIQUE (year, month)
-                    )
-                    """
-                )
-            )
-            conn.commit()
-        except Exception:
-            conn.rollback()
-
-        try:
-            conn.execute(
-                text(
-                    """
-                    INSERT INTO savingsaccrual (year, month, memp_amount, mpat_amount, notes)
-                    VALUES
-                      (2026, 2, 200000, 200000, 'Seeded: historical baseline'),
-                      (2026, 3, 200000, 200000, 'Seeded: historical baseline')
-                    ON CONFLICT (year, month) DO NOTHING
-                    """
-                )
-            )
-            conn.commit()
-        except Exception:
-            conn.rollback()
 
 
 def get_session():

backend/app/main.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from app.auth import (
     verify_admin_credentials,
 )
 from app.config import settings
-from app.db import get_session, init_db, run_migrations
+from app.db import get_session, run_alembic_upgrade
 from app.seed import seed_db
 from app.services.exchange_rate import refresh_rates_periodically
 
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ def _pair_orphan_tool_calls(messages: list) -> list:
 
 @asynccontextmanager
 async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
-    init_db()
-    run_migrations()
+    run_alembic_upgrade()
     seed_db()
     rate_refresh_task = asyncio.create_task(refresh_rates_periodically())
     try:

backend/app/models/models.py

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 import enum
 from datetime import date, datetime
-
-from app.timeutil import utcnow
 from typing import Optional
 
 from sqlalchemy import JSON, Column, UniqueConstraint
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSONB
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel
 
+from app.timeutil import utcnow
+
+# Live DBs store usersettings.data as jsonb; keep plain JSON elsewhere and on
+# SQLite (tests).
+JSON_OR_JSONB = JSON().with_variant(JSONB(), "postgresql")
+
 
 class RecurringItemType(str, enum.Enum):
     INCOME = "INCOME"
@@ -144,7 +149,9 @@ class TransactionBase(SQLModel):
     bank: Bank = Bank.BAC
     notes: Optional[str] = None
     category_id: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, foreign_key="category.id")
-    deferred_to_next_cycle: bool = Field(default=False)
+    deferred_to_next_cycle: bool = Field(
+        default=False, sa_column_kwargs={"server_default": "false"}
+    )
 
 
 class Transaction(TransactionBase, table=True):
@@ -227,7 +234,7 @@ class UserSettings(SQLModel, table=True):
     key: str = Field(index=True, unique=True, default="default")
     data: dict = Field(
         default_factory=dict,
-        sa_column=Column(JSON, nullable=False, server_default="{}"),
+        sa_column=Column(JSON_OR_JSONB, nullable=False, server_default="{}"),
     )
     updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=utcnow)